8 age) was indeed randomized in order to daily calcium supplements supplementation (1,200 mg) for several years. When you find yourself zero escalation in the chance for prostate cancer tumors has been stated during an excellent 10.3-seasons realize-upwards, calcium supplements lead to a life threatening risk reduction in that time comprising away from 2 years after therapy arrive at 24 months immediately after cures ended (150). Inside a look at the brand new literary works authored during 2009, the usa Agencies having Health care Lookup and you can Quality showed that maybe not the epidemiological training found a link ranging from calcium intake and prostate cancer (151). The new remark reported that 6 of eleven observational degree were not successful discover mathematically significant self-confident connectivity between prostate cancer tumors and you can calcium supplements consumption. Yet, in five studies, every day consumption from 921 so you’re able to dos,100000 mg from calcium supplements were found to be for the an enhanced likelihood of developing prostate malignant tumors when compared to intakes starting off 455 to at least one,100000 milligrams/big date (151). Inconsistencies among education strongly recommend advanced interactions amongst the risk activities for prostate cancers, in addition to reflect the problems regarding assessing the end result away from calcium supplements intake for the totally free-way of living someone. Such, that individuals with large dairy and you will/or calcium supplements consumption was found to be very likely to getting involved with fit lifestyles or maybe more gonna seek medical assistance can be decrease this new statistical significance of a connection which have prostate cancers chance (152).
Manage calcium increase the exposure to have heart problems?
Multiple observational training and you can randomized managed examples have increased issues away from the possibility unwanted effects from calcium with the cardiovascular exposure. The analysis of data from the Kuopio Osteoporosis Chance Grounds and you will Prevention (OSTPRE) prospective data unearthed that pages out of calcium between 10,555 Finnish female (decades 52-62 years) got good 14% higher risk of developing coronary artery situation agricultores solo citas reseñas as compared to non-supplement pages throughout an indicate realize-up off six.75 age (153). The target study of 23,980 members (35-64 yrs . old) of your own Heidelberg cohort of one’s Western european Prospective Study for the Malignant tumors and you can Nourishment cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) seen one to extra calcium supplements intake is actually certainly for the chance of myocardial infarction (stroke) yet not into the danger of heart attack or heart disease (CVD)-relevant mortality once a mean go after-right up regarding eleven years (154). Yet, the usage of calcium (?eight hundred mg/go out versus. 0 mg/day) try associated with the an increased danger of CVD-relevant mortality in 219,059 boys, yet not within the 169,170 ladies, included in the Federal Institute out of Health (NIH)-AARP Dieting and Health investigation and you can used to own a suggest several months out of 12 years. CVD death when you look at the people was also found to be somewhat higher that have complete (weightloss as well as extra) calcium consumption of just one,five hundred mg/time and you may above (155).
Till the relationship anywhere between calcium supplements and prostate cancer is actually explained, it is reasonable for males for eating all in all, step one,000 to a single,two hundred mg/day of calcium (dieting and supplements shared), that is demanded because of the Food and Nutrition Panel of the Institute off Drug (pick RDA) (9)
In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study – in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).